Informations du cours
Module: Translation – Prof: Hamdani
THEORETICAL LESSONS
1st Lecture
General language: Expresses naturally facts having relations with different subjects of life and society, it uses words in a simplified context outside the domain of specialty.
For example: The language used in the mass media.
Language of specialty: Expresses notions belonging to domains of specialised knowledge as: the law, natural sciences, technical and human sciences etc.
It is used to define specific concepts and expresses a linguistic reality in an exact way.
According to Pierre LERAT in his book “Les langues spécialisées”: Expression générique pour designer les langues utilisées dans des situations de communication orales ou écrites qui impliquent la transmission d’une information relevant d’un champ d’experience particulier”
Elle est vecteur de connaissances spécialisées.
2nd Lecture
Terminology is a polysemic word that refers to:
Terminology as a theory: it's all the arguments concerning the relation between the concepts, the theoretical study of names of objects or concepts in a specific knowledge.
Terminology as practice: it is the set of activities leading to the development of specialized dictionaries.
Terminology vocabulary as a set of specialized terms within the same area of activity that has its own vocabulary: medical terminology, computer, sports, marine etc.
Each new concept should be precisely defined and designated by a term.
Terminology is applied on specialized languages; it is close to translation, and based on the meaning of a concept to give similar terms from one language to another.
The equivalent is the significance of the corresponding term in a given language A transported in language B.
A term used to represent the same concept as another term or near term with the same value for the research.
Choosing the right equivalent of the term is a task that requires understanding first by the translator, the use of leading tool that is the dictionary, then when the term corresponding to the given concept is chosen, it is necessary to use it in the proper context in the target language in order to keep the original meaning.
Module: Translation – Prof : Hamdani
3rd Lecture Translation
To translate: To transfer words to actions – To explain or express in different ways – To change words from one language to another language.
Translation as a science, having strong relationship with language because it treats foreign languages (specialized) and its main meaning of interlingual translation is the fact of getting a text in one language ("source language" or "langue source") in another language ( "target language" or "target language – langue d’arrivée"). It connects at least two languages and two cultures, and sometimes two periods
Translation is an interpretive and communicative process involving the reformulation of a text with another language media, which takes place in a social context and with a specific purpose.
L’OPÉRATION DE TRADUCTION – STEPS:
1- Reading: Correctly the whole text, carefully and deeply, by sentence and by unity. Receptivity is a very important matter in terms of reading as it differs from one person to another, according to his background.
2- Understanding: Analyzing and understanding the message expressed throughout the lines, figuring out the non-said and interpreting the different senses meant by the author.
3- Writing: called in French la redaction technique as it constitutes the style of each translator which happens to be literally different from one to another depending on each one’s capacities and competencies (the linguistic ones).
Module : Translation – Prof : Hamdani
4th Lecture Translation
Brief overview about history of translation
Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, حنين ابن اسحاق (v. 808–873), he is a syriac doctor in Baghdad, of Nestorian Christianity, known for his translations of Greek works, including medical, to the Syriac, the language of culture of his religious community, and Arabic, his mother tongue. He was nicknamed "maitre des traducteurs".
الترجمة عند الغرب
The history of translation began with translating the Bible, which is the first one of the Old Testament from Hebrew into Greek. Seventy or seventy-two interpreters worked on it, In Israel translators went sent to Alexandria on the request of the governor of Egypt, to translate the Bible in favor of the Jewish community in Egypt and who could not read the Old Testament in its original language, Hebrew. This translation later became the foundation for other translations, it has been translated later into Latin, Coptic, Armenian, Georgian and language Slavic.
الترجمة عند العرب
Arabs were traveling for trade and had been affected by their neighbors: the Persians and the Romans and Abyssinians It is difficult to do such links without a translator, so the necessity for translating had grown up and many works of medicine, sports, philosophy, science had been translated especially during the Calif of Harun al-Rashid al-Khalifa and his son Mamoun who founded the House of Wisdom.بيت الحكمة.
Translation of the book Kalila wa dima, which is a group of wise sayings said by animals written in Sanskrit by the Indian philosopher Bedba that gave it to the king Dbheim, translated by Ibn al Moqafaa in 750 during the reign of the Caliph Al-Mansur from Persian into Arabic.
Module : Translation – Prof : Hamdani
5th Lecture Translation
Types of translation: according to Roman JAKOBSON
1/ Intralingual translation: as part of the same language – الترجمة ضمن اللغة الواحدة it means reformulating the words of the message in the same language. Example: explaining the meanings of Alquran.
2/ Interlingual translation: it means translating- transferring words from one language into another, which is the focus of our study, creating equivalents of terms.
3/ Intersemiotic translation: can be called translating from one sign into another, it means transferring a message from one type of structure of signs into another without word sings. Example: in the navy, message can be transferred from word into signs.
INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION - TYPES
1- الترجمة التحريرية Written Translation:
It is written. The easiest one, as it does not comply with certain time-that must be conducted through, but it is at the same time one of the most difficult , where the translator must scrupulously and fully abide by the same original style, unless would be criticized severely in the case of falling into the wrong one.
2- الترجمة الشفهية Oral Interpretation :
Difficult because it is limited by time, a time.
the role of the translator starts after presenting the message or during it. But they do not adhere to the same precision and commitment to try the same style of the original text, but the translator will have to transfer of the substance or the content of this message only.
الترجمة التتبعية Consecutive Interpreting :
Happens in meetings between two groups of people communicating in two or more different languages. The interpreter uses a notebook to take notes after a period of time (hearing the discourse) he starts interpreting.
The difficulty is in listening and understanding correctly, having good memory of the message that has been said.
ثالثا: الترجمة الفورية Simultaneous Interpreting :
Happens in local conferences or international congresses, where two or more speakers are interacting with each other, the interpreter uses headphones and works in a phonebooth, must be very competent, with good memory, because he translates instantly and has no right to do mistakes.
Module : Translation – Prof : Hamdani
6th Lecture Translation
Competencies of translator
Reference: كحيل سعيدة، الكفاءة الترجمية بين التشكيل الديداكتيكي ومتطلبات المهنة مجلة ترجمان
Linguistic: Consists on the ability to convey the grammatical structures of the target language.
Communicative: Communication in translation aims mainly to express opinion or ideas and answer requirements of the communicating process, it can be planned scientifically to impact positively.
Encyclopedic: Consists on the ability to understand the meanings of the terms, by surrounding the topic, the translator must have wide knowledge of information the general context .
Logic: the capacity to understand the relation between the different elements, like cause and consequence, or going from possibility to necessity, so that the translator might translate the topics logically and this requires from him some interpretative skills.
Interpretative: Being able to collect the previous competencies to explain what is difficult relying on the necessary references. The translator must do the right choices not only between the common concepts but also find solutions when two languages are different in denomination of concepts
Methodological: Develop abilities of scientific mastering and reexpressing in another language, based on: Strategies of reformulation- avoiding interference- capting methodologicl principles for specialised texts by making difference between general and speciales dictionnaries having a critical position towards the term, employing techniques in the right time, in addition of having reactions in written in specialsed fields, developing convincing skills, innovative and improving in the style.
Professional: A higher competency, being smart enough by experience and practice.
As every profession, translation has its rules, most importantly how to connect time with how much work done and quantity. As much as the translator cares about precision and invests his time he can mesure his experience.
Jean-Paul Vinay, Jean Darbelnet
Stylistique comparée de l’anglais et du français, Paris, Didier, 1966, pp. 46-55.
Procédés techniques de la traduction
- Emprunt
- Calque
- Traduction littérale
- Transposition
- Modulation
- Equivalence
- Adaptation
1. Emprunt
lexique de l’informatique (hard disk, computer, mouse )
2. Calque Le calque est un emprunt d’un genre particulier : on emprunte à la langue étrangère le syntagme, mais on traduit littéralement les éléments qui le composent.
لعب دورا: Jouer le rôle
يعمل كمدرّس: Il travaille comme professeur
3. Traduction littérale
Traduction mot à mot
|
Il paraissait l’image de la santé |
كان يبدو صورة الصحّة |
4. Transposition
Une partie du discours est remplacée par une autre sans changer le sens du message.
He ran across the street / il traversa la rue en courant
5. Modulation
Variation dans le message obtenu en changeant de point de vue, d’éclairage.
|
Il est facile de démontrer |
It was not difficult to show |
6. Equivalence
Les moyens stylistiques et structuraux sont différents.
Revenir bredouille / رجع صفر اليدين
7. Adaptation
Si dans la situation ne peut pas être parfaitement entendue, alors il est nécessaire de faire recours à l’adaptation.
Brown butter / beure doux
Module: Translation – Prof : Hamdani
7th Lecture Translation
The translation unit
DEFINITION: Expresses the minimum segment of the text that cannot be translated separately, the expression of one element of thought (thinking), the smallest part of expression.
Division into units of translation:
1/Divide logically ideas: تقطيع منطقي للأفكار
Means into elements of idea in a logic way
Example:
يؤكد/ تقرير هيئة اليونسكو /على ان المساواة في الحصول على المعرفة / ليست هي تكافؤ الفرص/ فهناك عوامل مثل/ التغذية/ والبيئة العائلية/ والمسكن/ تلعب دورها /في تحديد النتائج المدرسية/
2/ Divide text grammatically: تقطيع النص نحويا
Showing the function of each element of the sentence in grammar
As/ he/ put/ his hand/ to/ the door knob/
3/ Lexicological devision: تقطيع النص معجميا
Into lexicological elements in the sentence.
As/ he/ put/ his /hand/ to/ the/ door/ knob/
Example :
Le/ monde /se trouve /actuellement /au seuil d/’une /ere /nouvelle /en ce qui concerne /les sources /d’énergie/ et /leur/ utilisation /dans/ les différents/ domaines /
الاقتراض:
1/ لاحظ المؤتمرون استمرار النمو الديمغرافي وهجرة المثقفين- السكاني
2/ أبدى الجنرال تحفظه تجاه اقتراحات مجلس الثورة- اللواء
3/تسهم ميكانزمات تحول المادة في بلورة النظرية العلمية- آليات
Procédés techniques de la traduction
- Emprunt الاقتراض- الاقتباس – التعريب - THE BORROWING
- Calque النسخ- المحاكاة - THE CALQUE
- Traduction littérale الترجمة الحرفية - THE LITERAL TRANSLATION
- Transposition التحوير THE TRANSPOSITION
- Modulation التكييف THE MODULATION
- Equivalence المعادلة - THE EQUIVALENCE
- Adaptation التصرف – THE ADAPTATION
Module : Translation – Prof : Hamdani
Lecture – 8- Translation
الدال والمدلول/ التسمية والمفهوم
فالدال هو القيمة الصوتية أو الصورة الأكوستيكية، أما المدلول فهو المحتوى الذهني أو الفكري
SIGNIFIANT ET SIGNIFIE
signified and signifier
The terms signified and signifier are most commonly related to semiotics, which is defined by Oxford Dictionaries Online as "the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation".[1] Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, was one of the two founders of semiotics. His book, Course in General Linguistics "is considered to be one of the most influential books published in the twentieth century".[2] Saussure explained that a sign was not only a sound-image but also a concept. Thus he divided the sign into two components: the signifier (or "sound-image") and the signified (or "concept")
l LEXICOLOGY المعجمية
l ETIMOLOGY علم اصول الالفاظ
l NEOLOGISM التوليد المصطلحي
l LEXICOLOGIE
l ETYMOLOGIE
l NEOLOGISME
Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols,[1] their meaning, the relationship of their meaning to epistemology in general, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements (morphemes such as the English -ed marker for past or un- for negation; and phonemes as basic sound units). Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics
Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.[1] By extension, the term "the etymology (of a word)" means the origin of the particular word.
A neologism is the name for a relatively new or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not yet been fully accepted into mainstream language.[1] Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event.
Version: Traduction de la langue etrangere vers la langue de base
Theme: Traduction de la langue native vers la langue etrangere
La terminologie est un mot polysémique qui fait référence à :
Terminologie comme théorie : il s'agit de l'ensemble des arguments concernant les rapports entre les concepts, l’étude théorique des dénominations des objets ou concepts dans un savoir précis.
Terminologie comme pratique : il s'agit de l'ensemble d'activités conduisant à l'élaboration de dictionnaires spécialisés.
Terminologie comme vocabulaire : un ensemble de termes spécialisés relevant d’un même domaine d’activité qui a son vocabulaire propre: terminologie de la médecine, de l’informatique, du sport, de la marine etc.
Chaque notion nouvelle doit être définie avec précision et désignée par un terme.
La terminologie s’applique aux langages spécialisés, Elle est proche de la traduction, se fondant sur le sens d’une notion pour donner des termes équivalents d’une langue à l’autre.
L’équivalent est le correspondant du significatif d’un terme donné dans une langue A transporté en langue B
Terme utilisé pour représenter la même notion qu'un autre terme ou une notion proche ayant la même valeur pour la recherche documentaire
Choisir le bon équivalent du terme est une tache qui requiert du traducteur d’abord la compréhension, l’usage du principal outil de traduction qu’est le dictionnaire, ensuite lorsque le terme correspondant à la notion donnée est choisie, il est nécessaire de l’employer dans le contexte adéquat en langue cible et ce afin de garder le sens original.
PRINCIPLES OF MEDIATION IN TRANSLATION
General definition
The word mediation means an intervention in a process in order to resolve it; arbitration.
However it is clear that it represents a special translation operation, that involves being the translator part of different linguistic situations, by transferring intercultural meanings from one language to the other and that may sometimes alter the speech. That’s why, he stays as a linguistic bridge according to the saying of Carmen VALERO GARCES: :
« Le traducteur ou Interprète fait plus qu’une tache linguistique, mais plutôt des fonctions de coordination ou de médiation de significations culturelles ou sociales, le problème qui se pose est de trouver la limite exacte de cette intervention ».
Thus, as translators we cannot take anything for granted. We must be involved in a constant process of unlearning, because the realities and expectations of our own culture are not necessarily the same in the other culture. Not only that, we don't even know whether our own cultural and social situation wants to open itself up to an influx of ideas and perspectives that are prominent in another culture. In other words, if we plan to take our cargo to the other side of the river we must worry about the nature of our reception.
Functions of the translator as a mediator in the public service
The word represents the daily situation of the professional translator working in the public services, now the problem is to know the limits of his intervention, and the question is that whether his functions are same or different from the: bilingual worker, and cultural informant, called both in french and arabic language as follow:
و "العامل اللغوي" Le travailleur bilingue أو "المخبر الثقافي" L’informateur culturel.
The main Fields related to public service translation are the justice, healthcare and state administrations such as security departments, therefore has emerged the necessity for research so as to bring up features and problematic of this professional side of translation and try to solve them, especially those related to interpreters working in some situations of conflict, as in war or court hearings etc.
- Enseignant: yamina hamdani